Reference on the History, Geography and Culture of the Middle East
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Laroui, Abdallah, Crisis of the Arab Intellectual. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
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Lawson, Fred H.: Bahrain: The Modernization of Autocracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989.
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Salem, Paul: Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World. Syracuse, N.Y.:
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