Biogeochemistry

 

Published articles:

2018 - 2025

Reis Ely, C. R., Perakis, S. S., Cleveland, C. C., Menge, D. N., Reed, S. C., Taylor, B. N. et al. 2025. Global terrestrial nitrogen fixation and its modification by agriculture. Nature, 643(8072), 705-711.

Reis Ely, C. R., Perakis, S. S., Cleveland, C. C., Menge, D. N., Reed, S. C., Batterman, S. A., et al. 2025. A global dataset of terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation. Scientific data, 12(1), 1362.

Turner, M. G., Heumann, R. E., Kiel, N. G., Warren, J. A., & Cleveland, C. C. 2025. Reburning Before Recovery: Effects of Short-Interval Fire on Subalpine Forest Nitrogen Stocks and Fluxes.  Ecosystems, 28(2), 16.

Kou-Giesbrecht, S., C.R. Reis Ely, S.S. Perakis, C.C. Cleveland, D.N.L. Menge, S.C. Reed, B.N. Taylor, S.A. Batterman, T.E. Crews, K.A. Dynarski, M. Gei, M.J. Gundale, D.F. Herridge, S.E. Jovan, M.B. Peoples, J. Piipponen, E. Rodríguez-Caballero, V.G. Salmon, F.M. Soper, A.P. Staccone, B. Weber, C.A. Williams, & N. Wurzburger. 2025. Overestimated natural biological nitrogen fixation translates to an exaggerated CO2 fertilization effect in Earth system models, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (48) e2514628122.

Heumann, R. E., Turner, M. G., & Cleveland, C. C. 2025. Rates and controls of nitrogen fixation in postfire lodgepole pine forests. Ecology, 106(2), e70016.

Hood, S., Crotteau, J., Cleveland, C. 2024. Long-term efficacy of fuel reduction and restoration treatments in Northern Rockies dry forest. Ecological Applications: doi.org/10.1002/eap.2940.

Rocci, K., Cleveland, C., Eastman, B., Georgiou, K., Grandy, A., Hartmann, M., Hauser, E., Holland-Moritz, H., Kyker-Snowman, E., Pierson, D., Reich, P., Schlerman, E., Wieder, W. 2024. Aligning theoretical and empirical representations of soil carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry with process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 189: doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109272.

Hauser, E., Wieder, W., Bonan, G., Cleveland, C. 2023. Flexible foliar stoichiometry reduces the magnitude of the global land carbon sink. Geophysical Research Letters 50, e2023GL105493.

Cleveland, C.C., C.R.G. Reis, S.S. Perakis, K.A. Dynarski, S.A. Batterman, T.E. Crews, M. Gei, M.J. Gundale, D.N.L. Menge, M.B. Peoples, S.C. Reed,  V.G. Salmon, F.M. Soper, B.N. Taylor, M.G. Turner, N. Wurzburger. 2022. Cryptic nitrogen fixers: An important frontier in terrestrial N cycling research. Ecosystems 25:1653-1669.

Sheng, M., Rosche, C., Al-Gharaibeh, M., Bullington, L.S., Callaway, R.M., Clark, T., Cleveland, C.C., Dunan, W., Flory, S.L., Khasa, D.P., McLeod, M., Okada, M., Pal, R.W., Shah, M.A., Lekberg, Y. 2022. Acquisition and evolution of enhanced mutualism—an underappreciated mechanism for invasive success?. ISME J 16, 2467–2478.

Dynarski, K., Soper, F., Reed, S., Wieder, W., Cleveland, C. 2022. Patterns and controls of foliar stoichiometry and flexibility across United States forests. Ecology.

Osborne, B. B., F. M. Soper, M. K. Nasto, D. Bru, S. Hwang, M. B. Machmuller, L. Philippot, B. W. Sullivan, G. P. Asner, C. C. Cleveland, A. R. Townsend, S. Porder. 2021. Litter inputs drive patterns of soil nitrogen heterogeneity in a diverse tropical forest: Results from a litter manipulation experiment. Soil Biology & Biochemistry.

Luce McLeod, M., Bullington, L., Cleveland, C., Rousk, J., and Lekberg, Y. 2021. Invasive plant-derived dissolved organic matter alters microbial communities and carbon cycling in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.

Soper, F.M., B.N. Taylor, J.B. Winbourne, M.Y. Yong, K.A. Dynarski, C.R.G. Reis, M. Peoples, C.C. Cleveland, S.C. Reed, D.N.L. Menge, S.S. Perakis. 2020. A roadmap for sampling and scaling nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13586.

Osborne, B. B., M. K. Nasto, F. M. Soper, G. P. Asner, C. S. Balzotti, C. C. Cleveland, P. G. Taylor, A. R. Townsend, and S. Porder. 2020. Leaf litter inputs reinforce islands of nitrogen fertility in a lowland tropical forest. Biogeochemistry.

Shaw, A. N., C.C. Cleveland. The effects of temperature on soil phosphorus availability: a cross-ecosystem study from the tropics to the Arctic. Biogeochemistry.

Sullivan, B. W., R. L. Nifong, M. K. Nasto, S. Alvarez-Clare, C. Dencker, F. M. Soper, K. T. Shoemaker, F. Yoko Yashida, J. Zaragoza-Castells, E. A. Davidson and C. C. Cleveland. Biogeochemical recuperation in lowland tropical forest during succession. Ecology.

Gao, S., T.H. DeLuca, C.C. Cleveland. 2019. Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 654: 463-472.

Nasto, M.K. K. Winter, B.L. Turner, C.C. Cleveland. 2019. Nutrient acquisition strategies augment growth in tropical N2 fixing trees in nutrient poor soil and under elevated CO2. Ecology.

Taylor, P. G., C. C. Cleveland, F. M. Soper, W. R. Wieder, S. Z. Dobrowski, C. E. Doughty, A. R. Townsend. Greater stem growth, woody allocation, and aboveground biomass in Paleotropical forests than in Neotropical forests. Ecology doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2589.

Soper, F. M., B. W. Sullivan, B. B. Osborne, A. N. Shaw, L. Philippot, C. Cleveland. 2019. Leaf-cutter ants engineer large N2O hot spots in tropical forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - B Biology. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2504

  -This paper was also covered in Science and New Scientist.

Darcy, J.L., S.K. Schmidt, J.E. Knelman, C.C. Cleveland, S.C. Castle, D.R. Nemergut. 2018. Phosphorus, not nitrogen, limits plants and microbial primary producers following glacial retreat. Science Advances DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0942

Soper, F. M., M. K. Nasto, B. B. Osborne, C. C. Cleveland. 2018. Nitrogen fixation and foliar nitrogen do not predict phosphorus acquisition strategies in tropical trees. Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13044

Soper, F., B. Sullivan, M. Nasto, B. Osborne, D. Bru, C. Balzotti, P. Taylor, G. Asner, A. Townsend, L. Philippot, S. Porder, and C. Cleveland. 2018. Remotely-sensed canopy nitrogen correlates with nitrous oxide emissions in a lowland tropical rainforest. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2434

2014 - 2017

Castle, S.C., B.W. Sullivan, J. Knelman, E. Hood, D.R. Nemergut, S.K. Schmidt, C.C. Cleveland. 2017. Nutrient limitation of soil microbial activity during the earliest stages of ecosystem development. Oecologia DOI 10.1007/s00442-017-3965-6.

Soper, F. M., P. G. Taylor, W. R. Wieder, S. R. Weintraub, C. C. Cleveland, S. Porder, A. R. Townsend. 2017. Low rates of gaseous nitrogen loss point to conservative nitrogen cycling in a lowland tropical forest watershed. Ecosystems DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0193-1.

Taylor, P. G., C. C. Cleveland, W. R. Wieder, B. W. Sullivan, C. E. Doughty, A. R. Townsend. 2017. Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests. Ecology Letters doi: 10.1111/ele.12765.

   -The database used in this analysis is available via the Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity (KNB).

Nasto, M.K., B.B. Osborne, Y. Lekberg, G.P. Asner, C.S. Balzotti, S. Porder, P.G. Taylor, A.R. Townsend and C.C. Cleveland. 2017. Nutrient acquisition, soil phosphorus partitioning, and competition among trees in a lowland tropical forest. New Phytologist DOI:10.1111/nph.14494.

Osborne, B, M. Nasto, G. Asner, C. Balzotti, C. Cleveland, B. Sullivan, P. Taylor, A. Townsend and S. Porder. 2017. Climate, topography and organisms are hierarchical controls of soil N cycling in a Neotropical lowland forest. Ecosystems DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0095-7

Balzotti, C., G.P. Asner, P.G. Taylor, C.C. Cleveland, R. Cole, R. Martin, M. Nasto, B.B. Osborne, S. Porder and A.R. Townsend. 2016. Environmental Controls on Canopy Foliar N Distribution in a Neotropical Lowland Forest. Ecological Applications DOI: 10.1002/eap.1408.

Castle, S.C., Y, Lekberg, D. Affleck, C. Cleveland. 2016. Abiotic and biotic controls on plant performance in early ecosystem succession. Journal of Ecology, doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12615

Castle, S. C., D. R. Nemergut, A. S. Grandy, J. W. Leff, E. B. Graham, E. Hood, S. K. Schmidt, K. Wickings, C. C. Cleveland. 2016. Plant colonization drives convergence of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.010

Balzotti, C., G. Asner, P. Taylor, R. Cole, B. Osborne, C. Cleveland, S. Porder, A. Townsend. 2016. Topographic distributions of emergent trees in tropical forests of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Ecography, doi: 10.1111/ecog.02062

McLeod, M. C. Cleveland, Y. Lekberg, J.L. Maron, L. Philippot, D. Bru, R.M. Callaway. 2016. Exotic invasive plants increase productivity, abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and nitrogen availability in intermountain grasslands. Journal of Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12584.

Murphy, D., C. Wyborn, L. Yung, D.R. Williams, C. Cleveland, L. Eby, S. Dobrowski and E. Towler. 2016. Engaging Communities and Climate Futures with Multi-Scale, Iterative Scenario Building (MISB) in the Western U.S. Human Org 75: 33-46

Ganzlin, P., M. Gundale, R. Becknell and C. Cleveland. 2016. Forest restoration treatments have subtle long-term impacts on soil C and N cycling in Rocky Mountain conifer forests. Ecological Applications doi: 10.1002/15-1100

Smith, W. K., S.C. Reed, C.C. Cleveland, A.P. Ballantyne, W.R. Anderegg, W.R. Wieder, Y.Y. Liu and S.W. Running. 2015. Large divergence of satellite and Earth system model estimates of global terrestrial CO2 fertilization. Nature Climate Change DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2879.

Wieder, W.R., C.C. Cleveland, W. Kolby Smith and K. Todd-Brown. 2015. Reply to 'Land unlikely to become a large carbon source.' Nature Geoscience 8: 893-894.

Weintraub, S.R., P.G. Taylor, S. Porder, C.C. Cleveland, G.P. Asner and A.R. Townsend. 2015. Topographic controls on soil nitrogen availability in a lowland tropical forest. Ecology 96: 1561-1574.

Wieder, W.R., C.C. Cleveland, D.M. Lawrence, G.B. Bonan. 2015. Structural uncertainty related to biological nitrogen fixation increases terrestrial carbon cycle uncertainty. Environmental Research Letters, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044016

Cleveland, C.C., P. Taylor, K.D. Chadwick, K. Dahlin, C.E. Doughty, Y. Malhi, W.K. Smith, B.W. Sullivan, W.R. Wieder and A.R. Townsend. 2015. A comparison of plot-based, satellite and Earth system model estimates of tropical NPP. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29, doi:10.1002/2014GB005022

Wieder, W.R., C.C. Cleveland, W. Kolby Smith and K. Todd-Brown. 2015. Nutrient availability strongly constrains future terrestrial productivity and carbon storage. Nature Geoscience DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2413

Taylor, P.G., W.R. Wieder, S. Weintraub, S. Cohen, C.C. Cleveland, A.R. Townsend. 2015. Organic forms dominate hydrologic nitrogen losses from a lowland tropical watershed. Ecology 96(5), 2015, pp. 1229–1241.

Knelman, J.E., S.K. Schmidt, H.J. Lynch, J.L. Darcy, S.C. Castle, C.C. Cleveland, D.R. Nemergut. 2014. Nutrient addition dramatically accelerates microbial community succession. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102609. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0102609)

Nasto, M.K., S. Alvarez-Clare, Y. Lekberg, B.W. Sullivan, A.R. Townsend and C.C. Cleveland. 2014. Interactions among nitrogen fixation and soil phosphorus acquisition strategies in lowland tropical rain forests. Ecology Letters doi: 10.1111/ele.12335

Sullivan, B.W., W.K. Smith, A.R. Townsend, M.K. Nasto, S.C. Reed, R.L. Chazdon, C.C. Cleveland. 2014. A novel approach to quantify biological (N) fixation implies substantial human alteration of the tropical N cycle. PNAS doi/10.1073/pnas.1320646111

Bowman, W.D., L. Halada, J. Hreško, C. C. Cleveland, J.S. Baron and J. Murgel. 2014. How much is too much? Nitrogen critical loads and eutrophication and acidification in oligotrophic ecosystems. In: M.A. Sutton, K.E. Mason, L.J. Sheppard, H. Sverdrup, R. Haeuber and W.K. Hicks (Eds). Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity. Springer Dordrecht.

Sullivan, B.W., S.C. Castle, S.A. Alvarez Clare, S. Porder, S.C. Reed, L. Schreeg, A.R. Townsend and C.C. Cleveland. 2014. Assessing nutrient limitation in complex forested ecosystems: alternatives to large-scale fertilization experiments. Ecology 95: 668-681.

Taylor, P.,T. Bilinski, H. Fancher, C. Cleveland, D. Nemergut, S. Weintraub, W. Wieder and A. Townsend. 2014. Palm oil wastewater methane emissions and bioenergy potential. Nature Climate Change 4: 151-152.

Graham, E.B., W.R. Wieder, J.W. Leff, S.R. Weintraub, A.R. Townsend, C.C. Cleveland, L. Philippot and D.R. Nemergut. 2014. Do we need to understand microbial communities to predict ecosystem function? A comparison of statistical models of nitrogen cycling processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 68: 279-282.

2008 - 2013

Ciais, P., C. Sabine, G. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin, J. Canadell, A. Chhabra, R. DeFries, J. Galloway, M. Heimann, C. Jones, C. Le Quéré, R.B. Myneni, S. Piao and P. Thornton, 2013: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. (C. Cleveland, Contributing author).

Smith, W.K., C.C. Cleveland, S.C. Reed, S.W. Running.2013. Agricultural conversion without external water and nutrient inputs reduces biospheric vegetation productivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, doi:10.1002/2013GL058857.

This article was also highlighted in Nature Geoscience

Cleveland, C.C., S.C. Reed, A.B. Keller, D.R. Nemergut, S.P. O'Neill, R. Ostertag and P.M. Vitousek. 2013. Litter quality versus microbial community controls over decomposition: A quantitative analysis.Oecologia 174: 283-294.

Cleveland, C.C., B.Z. Houlton, W.K. Smith, A.R. Marklein, S.C. Reed, W. Parton, S. Del Grosso, S.W. Running. 2013. Patterns of new versus recycled primary production in the terrestrial biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 110: 12733-12737

Keville, M.P., S.C. Reed and C.C. Cleveland. 2013. Nitrogen cycling responses to mountain pine beetle disturbance in a high elevation whitebark pine ecosystem. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065004

Vitousek, P.M. D.N.L. Menge, S.C. Reed & C.C. Cleveland. 2013. Biological nitrogen fixation: Rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 368: 20130119.

Reed, S. C., A. R. Townsend and C. C. Cleveland. 2013. Assessing the relationships among phosphorus, molybdenum and free-living nitrogen fixation in a tropical rain forest: Results from observational and experimental analyses. Biogeochemistry DOI 10.1007/s10533-013-9835-3

Ferrenberg, S., S. O'Neill, J. Knelman, B. Todd, S. Duggan, D. Bradley, T. Robinson, S.K. Schmidt, A.R. Townsend, M. Williams, C.C. Cleveland, B.A. Melbourne, L. Jiang and D.R. Nemergut. 2013. Changes in assembly processes in soil bacterial communities following a wildfire disturbance. ISME Journal. DOI: ISMEJ.2013.11

Weintraub, S.R., W.R. Wieder, C.C. Cleveland & A.R. Townsend.2012. Both absolute and relative soil resource availabilities drive exo-enzymatic shifts in a lowland tropical forest. Biogeochemistry DOI 10.1007/s10533-012-9812-2  

Keller, A.B., S.C. Reed, A.R. Townsend and C.C. Cleveland. Effects of canopy tree species on belowground biogeochemistry in a lowland wet tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 58: 61-69.

Wieder, W.K., C.C. Cleveland, P.G. Taylor, D.R. Nemergut, E.Hinckley, L. Phillippot et al. Both increases and decreases in organic matter inputs reduce nitrate production and loss in lowland tropical forest. Biogeochemistry DOI 10.1007/s10533-012-9793-1

Schmidt, S.K., D.R. Nemergut, B. Todd, R.C. Lynch, J.L. Darcy, C.C. Cleveland and A.L. King. 2012. A simple method for determining limiting nutrients for photosynthetic crusts. Plant Ecology and Diversity DOI:10.1080/17550874.2012.738714

Cleveland, C.C. and B.W. Sullivan. 2012. Drought and tropical soil emissions. Nature 489: 211-212.

Reed, S.C., A.R. Townsend, E.A. Davidson and C.C. Cleveland. 2012. Patterns in foliar nutrient resorption and stoichiometry across multiple scales. New Phytologist 196: 173–180

Wickings, K., A.S. Grandy, S.C. Reed & C.C. Cleveland. 2012. The origin of litter chemical complexity during decomposition. Ecology Letters doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01837.x

Smith, W.K., C.C. Cleveland, S.R. Reed & S.W. Running. .2012. Quantification of bioenergy potential for the conterminous United States constrained by satellite observations of productivity. Environmental Science & Technology dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203935d

Leff, J.W., W.R. Wieder, P.G. Taylor, A.R. Townsend, D.R. Nemergut, A.S. Grandy, & C.C. Cleveland. 2012. Experimental litterfall manipulation drives large and rapid changes in soil carbon cycling in a wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02749.x (Biology Faculty of 1000 Selection)

Leff, J.W., D.R. Nemergut, A.S. Grandy, S.P. O'Neill, K. Wickings, A.R. Townsend and C.C. Cleveland. 2011. The effects of soil bacterial community structure on decomposition in a tropical rain forest. Ecosystems DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9510-2.

Knelman, J.E., T.M. Legg, S.P. O'Neill, C.L. Washenberger, A. Gonzalez, C.C. Cleveland & D.R. Nemergut. 2011. Bacterial community structure and function change in association with colonizer plants during early primary succession in a glacier forefield. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 46: 172-180.

Reed, S.C., C.C. Cleveland and A.R. Townsend. 2011.. Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 42: 489-512.

Cleveland, C.C. A.R. Townsend, P. Taylor, S. Alvarez-Clare, M.M.C. Bustamante, G. Chuyong, S.Z. Dobrowski, P. Grierson, K.E. Harms, B.Z. Houlton, A. Marklein, W. Parton, S. Porder, S.C. Reed, C.A. Sierra, W.L. Silver, E.V.J. Tanner & W.R. Wieder. 2011. Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: A pan-tropical analysis. Ecology Letters 14: 939-947. (This paper also includes an Erratum)

Wieder, W.R., C.C. Cleveland and A.R. Townsend.2011. Throughfall exclusion and leaf litter manipulation drive higher rates of soil N2O emissions from a lowland wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology 17: 3195-3207.

Schmidt, S. K.,C. C. Cleveland, D. R. Nemergut, S. C. Reed, A. J. King and P. Sowell. 2011. Estimating phosphorus availability for microbial growth in an emerging landscape. Geoderma 163: 135-140.

Reed, S. C., P. M. Vitousek and C. C. Cleveland. 2011. Are patterns of nutrient limitation belowground consistent with those aboveground?: Results from a 4 million year chronosequence. Biogeochemistry 106: 323-336.

Wickings, K, A. S. Grandy, S. C. Reed and C. C. Cleveland. 2011. Management intensity effects on the biological and biochemical pathways of litter decomposition.Biogeochemistry 104: 365-379.

Townsend, A.R., C.C. Cleveland, B.Z. Houlton, C.B. Alden and J.W.C. White. 2010. Multi-element regulation of the tropical forest carbon cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 9-17.

Reed, S.C., A.R. Townsend, P.G. Taylor and C.C. Cleveland. 2010. Phosphorus Cycling in Tropical Forests Growing on Highly Weathered Soils. pp. 339-369 In: E Buenemann, A Oberson and E Frossard (Eds). Soil Biology 26: Phosphorus In Action – Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling: Springer, Berlin.

Maron, J., M. Marler, J. Klironomos, C. Cleveland. 2010. Soil pathogens contribute to the positive plant diversity-productivity relationship. Ecology Letters 14: 36-41.

Nemergut, D. R., C. C. Cleveland, W. R. Wieder, C. L. Washenberger and A. R. Townsend. 2010. Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42: 2153-2160.

Reed, S. C., A. R. Townsend, C. C. Cleveland and D. R. Nemergut. 2010. Microbial community shifts influence patterns in tropical forest nitrogen fixation. Oecologia 164: 521-531.

Nemergut, D. R., E. K. Costello, M. Hamady, C. Lozupone, L. Jiang, S. K. Schmidt, N. Fierer, A. R. Townsend, C. C. Cleveland, L. Stanish and R. Knight. 2010. Global patterns in the biogeography of bacterial taxa. Environmental Microbiology 13: 135-144.

Cleveland, C. C., W. R. Wieder, S. C. Reed and A. R. Townsend. 2010. Experimental drought in a tropical rain forest increases soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. Ecology 91: 2313-2323.

Johnson, P. J. T., A. R. Townsend, C. C. Cleveland, P. M. Gilbert, R. W. Howarth, V. J. McKenzie, E. Reimankova and M. H. Ward. 2010. Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife. Ecological Applications 20: 16-29.

Wieder, W. R., C. C. Cleveland and A. R. Townsend. 2010. Controls over leaf litter decomposition in wet tropical forests. Ecology 90:3333-3341.

Cleveland, C. C., B. Z. Houlton, C. Neill, S. C. Reed, A. R. Townsend and Y. Wang. 2009. Using indirect methods to constrain symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates: A case study from an Amazonian rain forest. Biogeochemistry 99: 1-13.

Fierer, N., M. S. Strickland, D. Liptzin, M. A. Bradford and C. C. Cleveland. 2009. Global patterns in belowground communities. Ecology Letters 12:1-12.

Sattin, S., C. C. Cleveland, E. Hood, S. C. Reed, A. J. King, S. K. Schmidt, M. S. Robeson, N. Ascarrunz and D. R. Nemergut. 2009. Functional shifts in unvegetated, perhumid, recently-deglaciated soils do not correlate with shifts in soil bacterial community composition. The Journal of Microbiology 47: 673-681.

Bowman, W. D., C. C. Cleveland, L. Halada, J. Hreško and J. S. Baron. Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soil buffering capacity. 2008. Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo339.

Townsend, A. R., G. P. Asner and C. C. Cleveland. 2008. The biogeochemical heterogeneity of tropical forests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23: 424-431.

Wieder, W. R., C. C. Cleveland and A. R. Townsend. 2008. Tropical tree species composition affects the oxidation of organic matter from litter. Biogeochemistry 88: 127-138

Reed, S. C., C. C. Cleveland and A. R. Townsend. 2008. Tree species control rates of free-living nitrogen fixation in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 89: 2924-2934.

Schmidt, S. K., S. C. Reed, D. R. Nemergut, S. Grandy, C. C. Cleveland, M. N. Weintraub, A. W. Hill, E. K. Costello, A. F. Meyer, A. M. Martin, J. Neff. 2008. The earliest stages of microbial and ecosystem succession in high-elevation, recently deglaciated soils. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0808

1991 - 2007

Cleveland, C. C. and D. Liptzin. 2007. C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: Is there a "Redfield ratio" for the microbial biomass? Biogeochemistry 85: 235-252 / DOI 10.1007/s10533-007-9132-0

D. R. Nemergut, S. P. Anderson, C. C. Cleveland, A. P. Martin, A. E. Miller, A. Seimon, S. K. Schmidt. 2007. Microbial community succession in unvegetated, recently-deglaciated soils. Microbial Ecology 53: 110-122.

Townsend, A. R., C. C. Cleveland, G. P. Asner and M. M. C. Bustamante. 2007. Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests. Ecology 88: 107-118.

Reed, S. C., C. C. Cleveland, A. R. Townsend. 2007. Controls over leaf litter and soil nitrogen fixation in two lowland tropical rain forests. Biotropica 39:585-592.

Schmidt, S. K., Costello, E. K., Nemergut, D. R., Cleveland, C. C., Reed, S. C., Weintraub, M. N., Meyer, A. F. and Martin, A. M. 2007. Microbial turnover and seasonal succession drive biogeochemical cycles in the alpine. Ecology 88: 1379-1385.

Cleveland, C. C. and A. R. Townsend. 2006. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions cause substantial losses of soil carbon from a lowland tropical rain forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103: 10316-10321.

Cleveland, C. C., D. R. Nemergut, S. K. Schmidt and A. R. Townsend. 2006. Increases in soil respiration following labile carbon additions linked to rapid shifts in soil microbial community composition. Biogeochemistry DOI 10.1007/s10533-006-9065-z

Cleveland, C. C., A. R. Townsend and S. K. Reed. 2006. Nutrient regulation of organic matter decomposition in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 87:492-503.

Cleveland, C. C., D. M. McKnight and A. R. Townsend. 2005. Trophic interactions: Links between the carbon and hydrologic cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Pp. 1557-1574 in: M. G. Anderson and J. J. McDonnell (Eds). The Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, Volume 3: John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, UK (Invited contributor).

Galloway, J. N., G. Asner, E. W. Boyer, D. G. Capone, C. C. Cleveland, F. J. Dentener, P. Greene, E. Holland, R. W. Howarth, D. M. Karl, A. F. Michaels, S. P. Seitzinger, A. R. Townsend and C. Vorosmarty. 2004. Global and regional nitrogen cycles: Past, present and future. Biogeochemistry 70: 153-226.

Cleveland, C. C., A. R. Townsend, B. C. Constance, R. E. Ley, and S. K. Schmidt. 2004. Soil microbial dynamics in Costa Rica: Seasonal and biogeochemical constraints. Biotropica 36: 184-195.

Boyer, E. W., R. W. Howarth, J. N. Galloway, F. J. Dentener, P. Green, C. Vorosmarty, C. C. Cleveland and G. P. Asner. 2004. Nitrogen inputs to world regions. In A. R. Mosier, K. Syers and J. R. Freney (Eds.), Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: assessing the impact of fertilizer use on food production and the environment. Washington, D.C., Island Press.

Cleveland, C. C., J. C. Neff, A. R. Townsend and E. Hood. 2004. Composition, dynamics and fate of leached dissolved organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems: Results of a decomposition experiment. Ecosystems 7: 275-285.

Bowman, W. D., H. Steltzer, T. N. Rosenstiel, C. C. Cleveland and C. L. Meier. 2004. Litter effects of two co-occurring alpine species on plant growth, microbial activity and immobilization of nitrogen. Oikos 104: 336-344.

Townsend, A. R., R. W. Howarth, F. A. Bazzaz, M. S. Booth, C. C. Cleveland, S. K. Collinge, A. P. Dobson, P. R. Epstein, E. A. Holland, D. R. Keeney, M. A. Malin, C. A. Rogers, P. Wayne and A. H. Wolfe. 2003. Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 240-246.

Cleveland, C. C., A. R. Townsend, B. C. Constance and S. K. Schmidt. 2002. Soil microbial dynamics and biogeochemical cycling in lowland tropical rain forests and pastures of southwestern Costa Rica. Ecological Applications 13: 314-326.

Cleveland, C. C., A. R. Townsend and S. K. Schmidt. 2002. Phosphorus limitation of microbial processes in moist tropical forests. Ecosystems 5: 680-691.

Townsend, A. R., G. P. Asner, C. C. Cleveland, M. E. Lefer, and M. M. C. Bustamante. 2002. Unexpected changes in soil phosphorus dynamics following tropical deforestation to cattle pasture. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (D20), 8067, doi: 10.1029/2001 JD000650, 2002.

Vitousek, P. M., K. Cassman, C. C. Cleveland, T. Crews, C. B. Field, N. B. Grimm, R. W. Howarth, R. Marino, L. Martinelli, E. B. Rastetter, and J. I. Sprent. 2002. Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry 57/58: 1-45.

Asner, G. P., A. R. Townsend, W. Riley, P. A. Matson, J. C. Neff, and C. C. Cleveland. 2001. Physical and biogeochemical controls of terrestrial ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition. Biogeochemistry 54: 1-39.

Cleveland, C. C., A.R. Townsend, D. S. Schimel, H. Fisher, R. W. Howarth, L. O. Hedin, S. S. Perakis, E. F. Latty, J. C. Von Fischer, A. Elseroad, and M. F. Wasson. 1999. Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N2) fixation in natural ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13: 623-645.

Fahey, T. J., C. J. Williams, J. N. Rooney-Varga, C. C. Cleveland, K. M. Postek, S. D. Smith, and D. R. Bouldin. 1999. Nitrogen deposition in and around an intensive agricultural district in Central New York. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 1585-1600.

Cleveland, C. C. and J. B. Yavitt. 1998. Microbial consumption of atmospheric isoprene in a temperate forest soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 172-177.

Cleveland, C. C. and J. B. Yavitt. 1997. Consumption of atmospheric isoprene in soil. Geophysical Research Letters 24: 2379-2382.

Cleveland, C. 1991. Otters of the world. The River Otter Journal 1: 8-9.